home » References

General references:

Brown C, Lilford R,
The stepped wedge trial design: a systematic review.
BMC Med Res Methodol 2006; 8;6: 54.  pubmed

Aldeyab M, Monnet D, Lopez-Lozano J, Hughes C, Scott M, Kearney M, Magee F, McElnay J
Modelling the impact of antibiotic use and infection control practices on the incidence of hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a time-series analysis. J.Antimicrob.Chemother. 2008: doi:10.1093/jac/dkn198. Epub 7 May 2008.  pubmed

Cosgrove S, Carmeli Y
The impact of antimicrobial resistance on health and economic outcomes.
Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36: 1433-1437.  pubmed

Cosgrove S, Qi Y, Kaye K, Harbarth S, Karchmer A, Carmeli Y
The impact of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia on patient outcomes: mortality, length of stay, and hospital charges.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005; 26: 166-174.  pubmed

Cosgrove S, Sakoulas G, Perencevich E, Schwaber M, Karchmer A, Carmeli Y
Comparison of mortality associated with methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: A meta-analysis.
Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36: 53-59.  pubmed

Cosgrove S.
The relationship between antimicrobial resistance and patient outcomes: Mortality, length of hospital stay, and health care costs. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42: S82-S89.  pubmed

Crowcroft N, Ronveaux O, Monnet D, Mertens R
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and antimicrobial use in Belgian hospitals.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999; 20: 31-36.  pubmed

Foster K, Grundmann H
Do We Need to Put Society First? The Potential for Tragedy in Antimicrobial Resistance.
PLoS Med 2006; 3: e29.  pubmed

Grundmann H, Aires-de-Sousa M, Boyce J, Tiemersma E
Emergence and resurgence of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus as a public-health threat.
Lancet 2006; 368: 874-885.  pubmed

Harbarth S
Control of endemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus - recent advances and future challenges.
Clin Microbiol Infect 2006; 12: 1154-1162.  pubmed

Harbarth S, Samore M
Antimicrobial resistance determinants and future control.
Emerg Infect Dis 2005; 11: 794-801.  pubmed

Infectious Disease Society of America. Bad bugs, no drugs:
As antibiotic discovery stagnates… a public health crisis brews.
IDSA: Alexandria, VA, 2004.  pubmed

Jansen W, van der Bruggen J, Verhoef J, Fluit A
Bacterial resistance: A sensitive issue - Complexity of the challenge and containment strategy in Europe.
Drug Resist Updat 2006; 9: 123-133.  pubmed

Jegers M, Edbrooke D, Hibbert C, Chalfin D, Burchardi H
Definitions and methods of cost assessment: an intensivist's guide. ESICM section on health research and outcome working group on cost effectiveness.
Intensive Care Med 2002;28:680-685.  pubmed

Levy S, Marshall B
Antibacterial resistance worldwide: causes, challenges and responses.
Nat Med 2004; 41: S122-S129.  pubmed

MacKenzie F, Bruce J, Struelens M, Goossens H, Mollison J, Gould I
Antimicrobial drug use and infection control practices associated with the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in European hospitals.
Clin Microbiol Infect 2007; 13: 269-276.  pubmed

McGowan J
Antimicrobial resistance in hospital organisms and its relation to antibiotic use.
Rev Infect Dis 1983; 5: 1033-1048.  pubmed

Monnet DL. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and its relationship to antimicrobial use: possible implications for control. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1998; 19: 552-559.  pubmed

Monnet D, MacKenzie F, Lopez-Lozano J, Beyaert A, Camacho M, Wilson R, Stuart D, Gould I
Antimicrobial drug use and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Aberdeen, 1996-2000.
Emerg Infect Dis 2004; 10: 1432-1441.  pubmed

Muller A, Mauny F, Bertin M, Cornette C, Lopez-Lozano JM, Viel JF, Talon DR, Bertrand X
Relationship between spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and antimicrobial use in a French university hospital. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36: 971-978.  pubmed

Vernaz N, Sax H, Pittet D, Bonnabry P, Schrenzel J, Harbarth S
Temporal effects of antibiotic use and hand rub consumption on the incidence of MRSA and Clostridium difficile.
J.Antimicrob.Chemother. 2008: doi:10.1093/jac/dkn199. Epub 8 May 2008.  pubmed

Economic references:

Abramson M, Sexton D
Nosocomial methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus primary bacteremia: At what costs? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999; 20: 408-411.  pubmed

Coast J, Smith R, Karcher A, Wilton P, Millar M
Superbugs II: How should economic evaluation be conducted for interventions which aim to contain antimicrobial resistance?
Health Econ 2002; 11: 637-647.  pubmed

Coast J, Smith R, Millar M
Superbugs: Should antimicrobial resistance be included as a cost in economic evaluation?
Health Econ 1996; 5: 217-226.  pubmed

Coast J, Smith R, Millar M
An economic perspective on policy to reduce antimicrobial resistance.
Soc Sci Med 1998; 46: 29-38.  pubmed

Cosgrove S, Carmeli Y
The impact of antimicrobial resistance on health and economic outcomes.
Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36: 1433-1437.  pubmed

Cosgrove S, Qi Y, Kaye K, Harbarth S, Karchmer A, Carmeli Y
The impact of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia on patient outcomes: mortality, length of stay, and hospital charges.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005; 26: 166-174.  pubmed

Cosgrove S
The relationship between antimicrobial resistance and patient outcomes: Mortality, length of hospital stay, and health care costs.
Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42: S82-S89.  pubmed

Elbasha E
Deadweight loss of bacterial resistance due to overtreatment.
Health Econ 2003; 12: 125-138.  pubmed

Graves N, Weinhold D, Tong E, Birrell F, Doidge S, Ramritu P, Halton K, Lairson D, Whitby M
Effect of healthcare-acquired infection on length of hospital stay and cost.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007; 28: 280-292.  pubmed

Greiner W, Rasch A, Kohler D, Salzberger B, Fatkenheuer G, Leidig M
Clinical outcome and costs of nosocomial and community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection in haemodialysis patients.
Clin Microbiol Infect 2007; 13: 264-268.  pubmed

Holmberg S, Solomon S, Blake PA
Health and economic impacts of antimicrobial resistance.
Rev Infect Dis 1987; 9: 1065-1078.  pubmed

Howard D, Cordell R, McGowan J, Packard R, Scott R, Solomon S
Measuring the economic costs of antimicrobial resistance in hospital settings: summary of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Emory Workshop.
Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33: 1573-1578.  pubmed

Howard D, Scott R
The economic burden of drug resistance.
Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41: S283-S286.  pubmed

Kim T, Oh P, Simor A
The economic impact of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Canadian hospitals.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2001; 22: 99-104.  pubmed

Laxminarayan R, Brown G
Economics of antibiotic resistance: A theory of optimal use.
J Environ Econ Manage 2001; 42: 183-206.  pubmed

Laxminarayan R, Weitzman M
On the implications of endogenous resistance to medications.
J Health Econ 2002; 21: 709-718.  pubmed

McGowan J
Economic impact of antimicrobial resistance.
Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7: 286-292.  pubmed

Paladino J, Sunderlin J, Price C, Schentag J
Economic consequences of antimicrobial resistance.
Surg Infect 2002; 3: 259-267.  pubmed

Phelps C
Bug/drug resistance. Sometimes less is more.
Med Care 1989; 27: 194-203.  pubmed

Rubin R, Harrington C, Poon A, Dietrich K, Greene J, Moiduddin A
The economic impact of Staphylococcus aureus infection in New York City hospitals.
Emerg Infect Dis 1999; 5: 9-17.  pubmed

Rudholm N
Economic implications of antibiotic resistance in a global economy.
J Health Econ 2002; 21: 1071-1083.  pubmed

Scott R, Solomon S, McGowan JE
Applying economic principles to health care.
Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7: 282-285.  pubmed

Smith R, Coast J, Millar M, Wilton P, Karcher A
Interventions against antimicrobial resistance: A review of the literature and exploration of modelling cost-effectiveness.
Global Forum for Health Research: Genf, 2001.  pubmed

Smith R, Yago M, Millar M, Coast J
Assessing the macroeconomic impact of a healthcare problem: The application of computable general equilibrium analysis to antimicrobial resistance.
J Health Econ 2005; 24: 1055-1075.  pubmed

Wernitz M, Keck S, Swidsinski S, Schulz S, Veit S
Cost analysis of a hospital-wide selective screening programme for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriers in the context of diagnosis related groups (DRG) payment.
Clin Microbiol Infect 2005a; 11: 466-471.  pubmed

Wernitz M, Swidsinski S, Weist K, Sohr D, Witte W, Franke K, Roloff D, Ruden H, Veit S
Effectiveness of a hospital-wide selective screening programme for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriers at hospital admission to prevent hospital-acquired MRSA infections.
Clin Microbiol Infect 2005b; 11: 457-465.  pubmed

Wilton P, Smith R, Coast J, Millar M
Strategies to contain the emergence of antimicrobial resistance: a systematic review of effectiveness and cost-effectiveness.
J Health Serv Res Policy 2002; 7: 111-117.  pubmed

Statistical references:

Schulgen G, Kropec A, Kappstein I, Daschner F, Schumacher M
Estimation of extra hospital stay attributable to nosocomial infections: Heterogeneity and timing of events.
J Clin Epidemiol 2000; 53:409-417.  pubmed

Wolkewitz M, Vonberg R, Grundmann H, Beyersmann J, Gastmeier P, Bärwolff S, Geffers C, Behnke M, Rüden H, Schumacher M
Risk factors for the development of nosocomial pneumonia and mortality on intensive care units: application of competing risks models.
Crit Care 2008; 12:R44.  pubmed

Beyersmann J, Gastmeier P, Grundmann H, Baerwolff S, Geffers C, Behnke M, Rueden H, Schumacher M
Use of multistate models to assess prolongation of intensive care unit stay due to nosocomial infection.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006; 27:493-499.  pubmed

Schumacher M, Wangler M, Wolkewitz M, Beyersmann J
Attributable mortality due to nosocomial infections. A simple and useful application of multistate models. Methods
Inf Med 2007; 46:595-600.  pubmed

Putter H, Fiocco M, Geskus R
Tutorial in biostatistics: competing risks and multi-state models.
Stat Med 2007; 26:2389-2430.  pubmed

Hougaard P
Multi-state models: a review.
Lifetime Data Anal 1999; 5:239-264.  pubmed

Fine J, Gray R
A proportional hazards model for the subdistribution of a competing risk.
J Am Stat Assoc 1999; 94:496-509.  pubmed

Beyersmann J, Schumacher M
Time-dependent covariates in the proportional subdistribution hazards model for competing risks. Biostatistics 2008; doi:10.1093/biostatistics/kxn009.   pubmed
Epub 22 April 2008.  pubmed

Beyersmann J, Gastmeier P, Wolkewitz M and Schumacher M (2008)
An easy mathematical proof showed that time-dependent bias inevitably leads to biased effect estimation, J Clin Epidemiol (to appear)  pubmed